Main Article Content

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the potential of ammonia-treated palm fronds as a substitute for conventional forage in animal feed through in vitro analysis. The materials used were palm fronds, elephant grass, fine bran, corn, coconut meal, and urea. This study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications. The treatments applied in this study were: T0: 70% forage (all grass, no ammoniated palm fronds) + 30% concentrate, T1: 70% forage (75% grass, 25% ammoniated palm fronds) + 30% concentrate, T2: 70% forage (equal portions of grass and ammoniated palm fronds) + 30% concentrate, T3: 70% forage (25% grass, 75% ammoniated palm fronds) + 30% concentrate, and T4: 70% forage (entirely ammoniated palm fronds, no grass) + 30% concentrate. The observed variables in this study encompassed pH, digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein, as well as the digestibility of NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose. The data obtained in this experiment were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) according to the design used. The post hoc test used was Duncan's multiple range test. The experimental results indicated that the treatments did not significantly affect (P>0.05) pH after in vitro testing. However, they had a significant impact (P<0.05) on the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose. Digestibility increased with the increasing percentage of ammoniated palm fronds in the diet. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that the ammoniation process can improve the quality of palm fronds, leading to increased digestibility of palm fronds in the diet. Ammoniated palm fronds can replace forage in cattle feed based on nutrient digestibility in vitro.

Keywords

ammoniation digestibility in vitro palm frond

Article Details

How to Cite
Andayani, J., Sadarman, S., Novianti, S., Kaswari, T., Fatati, F., Qomariyah, N., Sastrawan, S., & Prihambodo, T. R. (2025). In Vitro Digestibility Evaluation Ammoniated Palm Frond as Cattle Feed . ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 27(1), 1-10. Retrieved from https://jap.fapet.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/JAP/article/view/336

References

  1. Adams, K.A and E.K. McGuire. 2022. Student Study Guide With IBM® SPSS® Workbook for Research Methods, Statistics, and Applications: Edition 3. SAGE Publications Inc. India.
  2. Adesogan, A.T., K.G. Arriola., Y. Jiang., A. Oyebade., E.M. Paula., A.A. Pech-Cervantes., J.J. Romero., L.F. Ferraretto, and D. Vyas. 2019. Symposium review: Technologies for improving fiber utilization. Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 102, Issue 6, Pages 5726-5755, ISSN 0022-0302, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15334.
  3. Andayani, J., A. Yani, dan Akmal. 2005. Kecernaan Bahan Kering, Bahan Organik, dan NDF Kulit Buah Jagung Amoniasi Secara In Sacco. Laporan Penelitian, Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Jambi, Jambi.
  4. Andayani, J. 2008. Evaluasi Kecernaan In Sacco Beberapa Pakan Serat yang Berasal dari Limbah Pertanian dengan Amoniasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 11(2): 88-92.
  5. Andayani, J. 2009. Kecernaan In Vitro Komponen Serat Ransum Ternak Sapi yang Menggunakan Kulit Buah Jagung Amoniasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan. 12(3): 129-136.
  6. Andayani, J. 2010. Evaluasi Kecernaan In Vitro Bahan Kering, Bahan Organik, dan Protein Kasar Penggunaan Kulit Buah Jagung Amoniasi dalam Ransum Ternak Sapi. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu -Ilmu Peternakan, 13(5): 252-259.
  7. Andrade, A.P., M.P. de Figueiredo., D.G. de Quadros., J.Q. Ferreira., T.R. Whitney., Y.S. Luz., H.R.O. Santos, and M.N.S. Souza. 2020. Chemical and biological treatment of cotton gin trash for fattening Santa Ines lambs. Livestock Science, Volume 240, 104146, ISSN 1871-1413, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104146.
  8. Battelli, M., Colombini, S., Parma, P., Galassi, G., Crovetto, G.M., Spanghero, M., Pravettoni, D., Zanzani, S.A., Manfredi, M.T, and Rapetti, L. 2023. In vitro effects of different levels of quebracho and chestnut tannins on rumen methane production, fermentation parameters, and microbiota. Front. Vet. Sci. 10:1178288. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1178288.
  9. Belanche, A., A.I. Martin-García., E. Jiménez., N.N. Jonsson, and Yáñez-Ruíz. 2021. A novel ammoniation treatment of barley as a strategy to optimize rumen pH, feed degradability, and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(13): 5541–5549. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11205.
  10. Cavallini, D., E. Raffrenato., L.M.E. Mammi., A. Palmonari., G. Canestrari., A. Costa., G. Visentin, and A. Formigoni. 2023. Predicting fibre digestibility in Holstein dairy cows fed dry-hay-based rations through machine learning. Animal, Volume 17, Supplement 5, 101000, ISSN 1751-7311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.101000.
  11. Chen, Y., Xing J., Chin, C.K, and Ho, C.T. 2020. Effect of urea on volatile generation from Maillard reaction of cysteine and ribose. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48 (8), pp. 3512 - 3516, Cited 31 times. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9910761.
  12. Dinas Perkebunan Daerah TK I. Provinsi Jambi. 2021. Statistik Perkebunan Provinsi Jambi. 2005. Pemerintah Daerah TK I. Provinsi Jambi. Jambi.
  13. Fakhri, S., Suryani, H., Kaswari, T., Pane, M., Hariyati, N., Limbong, D.R., Jayanegara, A., Komwihangilo, D. 2024. Improving the Nutritional Value and Rumen Fermentation Profile of Oil Palm Fronds by Autoclaving and Ammoniation with Different Levels of Urea. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 12 (10), pp. 2051-2061. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2024/12.10.2051.2061.
  14. Fitria, R., S.A.C. Luthfi, and N. Hindratiningrum. 2023. Nutritional Quality of Amofer (Ammonia Fermentation) Corn Straw Using EM4 and M21 Decomposer. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Peternakan, 5(1): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.31605/jstp.v5i1.3160
  15. Julianti, E., R.P. Harahap, dan Y. Rohayeti. 2024. Evaluasi Komposisi Serat Kasar dan Kecernaan Rumen In Vitro Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Teknologi Amoniasi Fermentasi dengan EM-4 dan Cairan Rumen Sapi. Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan, 11(1): 6–14.
  16. Katoch, R. 2023. Techniques in Forage Quality Analysis. Springer. Singapore.
  17. Liang, J., Zhang, R., Chang, J., Chen, L., Nabi, M., Zhang, H., Zhang, G, and Zhang, P. 2024. Rumen microbes, enzymes, metabolisms, and application in lignocellulosic waste conversion - A comprehensive review. Biotechnology Advances. Volume 71, 108308, ISSN 0734-9750, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108308.
  18. McDonald, P., R.A. Edwards., J.F.D. Greenhalgh., C.A. Morgan., L.A. Sinclair, and R.G. Wilkinson. 2022. Animal Nutrition 8th Edn. Pearson. Singapore.
  19. Mohammadi, M., M. Alian., B. Dale., B. Ubanwa, and V. Balan. 2024. Multifaced application of AFEX-pretreated biomass in producing second-generation biofuels, ruminant animal feed, and value-added bioproducts. Biotechnology Advances, Volume 72, 108341, ISSN 0734-9750, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108341.
  20. Mor, P., B. Bals., A.K. Tyagi., F. Teymouri., N. Tyagi., S. Kumar., V. Bringi, and M. VandeHaar. 2018. Effect of ammonia fiber expansion on the available energy content of wheat straw fed to lactating cattle and buffalo in India. Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 101, Issue 9, Pages 7990-8003, ISSN 0022-0302, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14584.
  21. Morais, L.F de., Almeida, J.C de C., Nepomuceno, D de D., Freitas, R.S.X de., Melo, B.M.G de, and Silva J.F M. 2020. Nutritive value of elephant grass hay ammoniated by urea. Bioscience Journal, 36(5): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.14393/bj-v36n5a2020v36n5a2020-41135.
  22. Morales, A.G., R.E. Vibart., M.M. Li., A. Jonker., D. Pacheco, and M.D. Hanigan. 2021. Evaluation of Molly model predictions of ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, and performance by dairy cows consuming ryegrass-based diets. Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 104, Issue 9, Pages 9676-9702, ISSN 0022-0302, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19740.
  23. Mudgal, V., M.K. Mehta, and A.S. Rane. 2018. Lentil straw (Lens culinaris): An alternative and nutritious feed resource for kids. Animal Nutrition, Volume 4, Issue 4, Pages 417-421, ISSN 2405-6545, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.009.
  24. Nofrizal, S., Mulyani, dan Syafrizal. 2019. Pengaruh Penggunaan Beberapa Macam Feses Ternak pada Lahan Bera terhadap Kualitas Fraksi Serat (NDF, ADF, Selulosa, Hemiselulosa, dan Lignin) Rumput Lapangan. Jurnal Embrio, 11(1): 48-58.
  25. Obada, D.O., M.O. Kekung., T. Levonyan, and G.W. Norval. 2023. Palm Oil Mill Derived Empty Palm Fruit Bunches as a Feed Stock for Renewable Energy Applications in Nigeria: A Review. Bioresource Technology Reports, 24(3): 1-7.
  26. Sadarman., Febrina, D., Rinaldi, S.T., Hendri, M.I., Ilyazar, Weno, Alfian, A., Nurfitriani, R.A., Qomariyah, N., Sukmara, A., Koswara, E., Prihambodo, T.R., Gholib, and Azmi, A.F.M. 2023. The Quality of Organic Waste Market Ensiled Using Rejected Commercial Syrup as An Alternative Ruminant Livestock Feed. Animal Production: Indonesian Journal of Animal Production, 25(3): 186-198. doi: 10.20884/1.jap.2023.25.3.257.
  27. Sadarman., D. Febrina., E. Saleh., Mhd. Fazly., A.B. Prastyo., N. Qomariyah, dan A.F.M. Azmi. Transformasi Proses Pembuatan Silase: Peningkatan Kualitas dengan Penambahan Sirup Komersial Afkir pada Silase Berbahan Rumput Odot dan Dedak Padi Halus. Jurnal Ilmiah Peternakan Terpadu, 12(2): 155-171. https://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jipt.
  28. Saha, S.K and N.N. Pathak. 2021. Fundamentals of Animal Nutrition, 1st Edn. Springer Nature. Singapore.
  29. Sharker, B., Md.A. Islam., Md.Al.A Hossain., I. Ahmad., A.Al. Mamun., S. Ghosh., A. Rahman., Md.S. Hossain., Md.A. Ashik., Md.R. Hoque., Md.K. Hossain., M.Al. Mamun., Md.A. Haque., H. Patel., Md.Y. Prodhan., P. Bhattacharya, and Md.A. Haque. 2023. Characterization of lignin and hemicellulose degrading bacteria isolated from cow rumen and forest soil: Unveiling a novel enzymatic model for rice straw deconstruction. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 904, 166704, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166704.
  30. Theodorou, M.K and A.E. Brook. 1990. Evaluation of a New Laboratory Procedure for Estimating the Fermentation Kinetic of Tropical Feeds. Annual Report AFRC Institute, Hurley, Maidenhead, London.
  31. Van Soest, P.J. 1965. Symposium on Factors Influencing Voluntary Intake of Herbage by ruminant: Volunter Intake in Relation to Chemical Composition and digestibility. J. Animal sci. 24: 834.
  32. Wahyono, T., E. Jatmiko, Firsoni, S.N.W. Hardani, dan E. Yunita. 2019. Evaluasi Nutrien dan Kecernaan In Vitro Beberapa Spesies Rumput Lapangan Tropis di Indonesia. Jurnal Sains Peternakan, 17(2): 17-23.
  33. Zhang, X.M., W.X. Chen., Q.X. Yan., C. Wang., B. Lin., S.Y. Yi., R. Wang., Z.Y. Ma., Q.S. Li., A. Jonker., X.Z. Sun., S. Wittayakun., Z.L. Tan, and M. Wang. 2023. Low-Protein Diet Promotes Nitrogen Retention Efficiency Via Enhanced Renal Urea Reabsorption and Microbial Hydrogen Incorporation in the Rumen of Goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 305(2023): 115762.

Most read articles by the same author(s)