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Abstract

This study descriptively characterized blood mineral profiles, pre-pregnancy reproductive characteristics, and birth outcomes in Indonesian local cattle during late gestation under uniform management conditions. An observational descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a total sampling approach, with no intention of performing comparative evaluation between breeds or parity groups. Eleven pregnant Indonesian local cattle comprising Ongole Grade (PO) (n = 7) and Pasundan (n = 4) cattle were enrolled. The collected data included reproductive history, serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations during late gestation, and birth outcomes. The recorded pre-pregnancy reproductive characteristics, including service per conception, calving interval, and days open, generally reflected normal reproductive performance among the enrolled animals, although individual variation associated with parity and reproductive history was observed. Serum macromineral concentrations remained within published physiological reference values (Ca: 8.98–9.26 mg/dL; P: 5.18–5.30 mg/dL; Mg: 2.95–3.24 mg/dL), indicating stable mineral homeostasis during the periparturient period. Gestation length and birth weight were within the expected physiological ranges, while two postpartum events (one retained placenta and one stillbirth) were recorded in the study population. In conclusion, the enrolled cattle exhibited physiological serum macromineral concentrations during late gestation under the observed management conditions. The recorded reproductive characteristics and birth outcomes generally reflected normal physiological conditions, although individual variation and isolated postpartum events were observed. These findings provide preliminary descriptive baseline information for the enrolled cattle under the observed management conditions and may serve as a reference for future studies involving larger and more homogeneous populations.

Keywords

birth outcomes blood minerals Indonesian local cattle late gestation reproductive performance

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How to Cite
Satrio, F. A., Fauziah, J. N., Widyastuti, R., Setyowati, E., Rizki, E. N., Hadi, D. N., & Hazzi, A. (2026). Blood Mineral Profile During Late Gestation, Pre-Pregnancy Reproductive Characteristics, and Birth Outcomes in Indonesian Local Cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 28(3), 170-181. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2026.28.3.467
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