Unveiling the Determinants of Farmer Motivation in Goat Production: Evidence from Goat Farmers in Jombang District, East Java, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2025.27.2.363Keywords:
extension services, financial access, livestock development, rural livelihoods, sustainabilityAbstract
Goat farming is an essential livelihood strategy for rural communities, providing substantial economic and social advantages. However, there remains a vague understanding of the underlying motivations driving smallholder goat farmers' engagement, particularly in contexts with diverse socio-demographics and resource limitations. This study aimed to determine the most influential factors in goat-farming decisions by conducting a cross-sectional survey of 50 smallholder goat farmers. Data collection encompassed socio-demographic variables, as well as access to capital, infrastructure, market conditions, and policy support. Results revealed that capital and infrastructure significantly outweighed age, education, and farming experience in shaping farmers’ level of involvement. Local markets received favorable ratings, but inconsistent government support highlighted significant policy gaps. Larger households benefited from greater labor availability, yet did not consistently adopt best practices. These findings highlight the primacy of resource-based and socio-familial factors in shaping smallholder motivation and illustrate the need for targeted interventions. Enhanced collaboration among government agencies, cooperatives, and community groups may promote more resilient and profitable goat-farming systems.
Downloads
References
Abay KA, and ND Jensen. 2020. Access to Markets, Weather Risk, and Livestock Production Decisions: Evidence from Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics, 51(4), 577-593. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12573
Adams A, LD Caesar, and NY Asafu-Adjaye. 2021. What Informs Farmers’ Choice of Output Markets? The Case of Maize, Cowpea and Livestock Production in Northern Ghana. International Journal of Rural Management, 18(1), 56-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005221994425
Ahmad MI, L Oxley, and H Ma. 2020. What Makes Farmers Exit Farming: A Case Study of Sindh Province, Pakistan. Sustainability, 12(8), 3160. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083160
Amole TA, AA Ayantunde, M Balehegn, and AT Adesogoan. 2021. Livestock Feed Resources in the West African Sahel. Agronomy Journal, 114(1), 26-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20955
Anim-Jnr AS. 2023. Sustainable Small Ruminant Production in Low- And Middle-Income African Countries: Harnessing the Potential of Agroecology. Sustainability, 15(21), 15326. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115326
Anusha D. 2022. Determinants of Rural Youth Participation in Livestock Farming Activities in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 22(3), 155-159. https://doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2022/jul_sep/155-159
Astuti D, A Sudarman, and JR Darmaga. 2012. Dairy goats in Indonesia: Potential, opportunities and challenges. Proceedings of the First Asia Dairy Goat Conference,
Bahta YT, and VA Myeki. 2021. Adaptation, Coping Strategies and Resilience of Agricultural Drought in South Africa: Implication for the Sustainability of Livestock Sector. Heliyon, 7(11), e08280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08280
Bassignana CF, P Merante, SR Belliére, C Vazzana, and P Migliorini. 2022. Assessment of Agricultural Biodiversity in Organic Livestock Farms in Italy. Agronomy, 12(3), 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030607
Batool S. 2019. Rural Employment and Income Diversification in Pakistan. The Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 56(02), 503-510. https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/19.7484
Belay GH, KA Mengstu, HM Kahsay, G Hosseininia, AI Özgüven, AH Viira, and H Azadi. 2021. Determinants of Smallholder Commercialization of Livestock: A Case Study from Tigray, Ethiopia. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2021.1921950
Budisatria I, H Udo, C Eilers, and A Van Der Zijpp. 2007. Dynamics of small ruminant production: A case study of Central Java, Indonesia. Outlook on Agriculture, 36(2), 145-152.
Cheelo T, and M Merwe. 2021. What Factors Influence Smallholder Farmers’ Decision to Select a Milk Marketing Channel in Zambia? Agrekon, 60(3), 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2021.1950017
Cheteni P, and X Mokhele. 2019. Small-Scale Livestock Farmers' Participation in Markets: Evidence from the Land Reform Beneficiaries in the Central Karoo, Western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (Sajae), 47(1). https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2019/v47n1a494
Das BC. 2024. Constraints Faced by the Tribal Goat Farmers of Kandhamal District in Odisha, India. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension Economics & Sociology, 42(6), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2024/v42i62466
Devendra C. 2016. Improvement of supply value chains in sustainable small ruminant production systems in Asia. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 86(1), 3-10.
Dube L. 2020. Factors Influencing Market Participation by Smallholder Farmers in Masvingo and Manicaland Provinces, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 5(6), 313. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20200506.20
Duncan A, BA Lukuyu, G Mutoni, Z Lema, and S Fraval. 2023. Supporting Participatory Livestock Feed Improvement Using the Feed Assessment Tool (FEAST). Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 43(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-023-00886-9
Durmuş M, DJ Agossou, and N Koluman. 2019. Sustainability of Small Ruminant Production in Mediterranean Region. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.17265/2162-5263/2019.06.005
Fadairo O, OA Adeleke, and BO Olowofoyeku. 2019. Perceived Effect of Livestock Waste on Wellbeing of Farm Workers and Residents Within Farm Catchment Area in Oyo State, Nigeria. Agricultura Tropica Et Subtropica, 52(3-4), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.2478/ats-2019-0016
Gabriel A, and M Gandorfer. 2022. Adoption of Digital Technologies in Agriculture—an Inventory in a European Small-Scale Farming Region. Precision Agriculture, 24(1), 68-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-022-09931-1
Gumbi N. 2023. Towards Sustainable Digital Agriculture for Smallholder Farmers: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 15(16), 12530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612530
Gwaka L, and J Dubihlela. 2020. The Resilience of Smallholder Livestock Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Risks Imbedded in Rural Livestock Systems. Agriculture, 10(7), 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070270
Hadi A. 2023. Noetnana Livestock Farmer Group Capacity Building Strategy in Fatukoa Village by Bank Indonesia Representative Office NTT Province Towards Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Digital 4.0. Journal of Tourism Economics and Policy, 3(3), 204-218. https://doi.org/10.38142/jtep.v3i3.777
Hashem NM. 2023. Case Studies on Impacts of Climate Change on Smallholder Livestock Production in Egypt and Spain. Sustainability, 15(18), 13975. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813975
Hegde NG. (2020). Goat Development: An Opportunity to Strengthen Rural Economy in Asia and Africa. Ajravs, 3(2), 160-177. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajravs/2020/v3i2107
Hussain MA, and P Guha. 2023. Role of Farm Infrastructure in Agribusiness During a Crisis: Insights From Rural Assam, India. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 7(4), 1035-1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-023-00304-8
Jegoda MN, Jadav SJ, and Patel JH. 2022. Socio Economic Profile and Constraints Faced by Goat Keepers.Gujarat Journal of Extension Education,34(1),79-85. https://doi.org/10.56572/gjoee.2022.34.1.0016
Jemberu WT, Li Y, Asfaw W, Mayberry D, Schrobback P, Rushton J, and Knight-Jones TJ. 2022. Population, Biomass, and Economic Value of Small Ruminants in Ethiopia.Frontiers in Veterinary Science,9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.972887
Kangile JR, Mgeni CP, Mpenda Z, and Sieber S. 2020. The Determinants of Farmers’ Choice of Markets for Staple Food Commodities in Dodoma and Morogoro, Tanzania.Agriculture,10(5),142. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050142
Kaumbata W, Nakimbugwe HN, Nandolo W, Banda LJ, Mészáros G, Gondwe T, Woodward-Greene MJ, Rosen BD, Sölkner J, and Wurzinger M. 2021. Experiences From the Implementation of Community-Based Goat Breeding Programs in Malawi and Uganda: A Potential Approach for Conservation and Improvement of Indigenous Small Ruminants in Smallholder Farms.Sustainability,13(3),1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031494
Lavallee JP, Giusto BD, Yu T, and Hung SP. 2022. Reliability and Validity of Widely Used International Surveys on the Environment.Sustainability,14(18),11337. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811337
Maltou R, and Bahta YT. 2019. Factors Influencing the Resilience of Smallholder Livestock Farmers to Agricultural Drought in South Africa: Implication for Adaptive Capabilities.Jàmbá Journal of Disaster Risk Studies,11(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v11i1.805
Martey E, Wiredu AN, Etwire PM, and Kuwornu JK. 2019. The Impact of Credit on the Technical Efficiency of Maize-Producing Households in Northern Ghana.Agricultural Finance Review,79(3),304-322. https://doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2018-0041
Meena DC. 2022. Role of Livestock Sector in Sustainable Livelihood Security in Yamuna Ravine Area of Uttar Pradesh.Indian Research Journal of Extension Education,22(3),10-17. https://doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2022/jul_sep/10-17
Monau PI, Raphaka K, Zvinorova PI, and Gondwe T. 2020. Sustainable Utilization of Indigenous Goats in Southern Africa.Diversity,12(1),20. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12010020
Musafiri CM, Kiboi MN, Macharia JM, Ng’etich OK, Kosgei D, Mulianga B, Okoti M, and Ngetich FK. 2022. Adoption of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices Among Smallholder Farmers in Western Kenya: Do Socioeconomic, Institutional, and Biophysical Factors Matter?Heliyon,8(1),e08677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08677
Musara JP, Chiduza C, Moyo B, and Mutizira C. 2021. Crop-Livestock Integration Practices, Knowledge, and Attitudes Among Smallholder Farmers: Hedging Against Climate Change-Induced Shocks in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe.Open Life Sciences,16(1),1330-1340. https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0135
Ndlovu C, and Masuku MM. 2021. Small-Scale Farming and Access to Market: Challenges and Opportunities in South Africa.Journal La Sociale,2(5),50-63. https://doi.org/10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v2i5.491
Nkomoki W, Bavorová M, and Banout J. 2019. Factors Associated With Household Food Security in Zambia.Sustainability,11(9),2715. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092715
Nugroho E, Oosting SJ, Ihle R, and Heijman WJ. 2021. Smallholders’ Perceptions of Policies for Preserving the Traditional Ongole Cattle Breed of Indonesia.Outlook on Agriculture,50(2),188-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030727020983588
Nuvey FS, Kreppel K, Nortey P, Addo-Lartey A, Sarfo B, Fokou G, Ameme DK, Kenu E, Sackey SO, Addo KK, Afari E, Chibanda D, and Bonfoh B. 2020. Poor Mental Health of Livestock Farmers in Africa: A Mixed Methods Case Study From Ghana.BMC Public Health,20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08949-2
Nwobodo CE, Nwokolo B, Iwuchukwu JC, Ohagwu VA, and Ozioko RI. 2022. Determinants of Ruminant Farmers' Use of Sustainable Production Practices for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Enugu State, Nigeria.Frontiers in Veterinary Science,9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.735139
Odhiambo CO, Ogindo HO, Wasike CB, and Ochola WO. 2019. Adaptation of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in South Western Kenya to the Effects of Climate Change.Atmospheric and Climate Sciences,9(3),456-478. https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2019.93031
Ogolla KO, Chemuliti JK, Ngutu M, Kimani WW, Anyona DN, Nyamongo IK, and Bukachi SA. 2022. Women’s Empowerment and Intra-Household Gender Dynamics and Practices Around Sheep and Goat Production in South East Kenya.PLOS ONE,17(8),e0269243. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269243
Okeyo SA. 2023. Leveraging Geospatial Technology for Smallholder Farmer Credit Scoring.Journal of Geographic Information System,15(5),524-539. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2023.155026
Purwanti TS, Nugroho E, Febrianto N, and Siswijono SB. 2023. Unlocking Credit Access for Farmers (Case Study of Dairy Farmers in East Java, Indonesia).Bio Web of Conferences. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202320601020
Sembada P, Duteurtre G, and Moulin CH. 2019. The Essential Role of Farm Capital in the Sustainability of Smallholder Farms in West Java (Indonesia).Cahiers Agricultures,28,15. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2019016
Serra R, Ludgate N, Dowhaniuk KF, McKune S, and Russo S. 2022. Beyond the Gender of the Livestock Holder: Learnings From Intersectional Analyses of PPR Vaccine Value Chains in Nepal, Senegal, and Uganda.Animals,12(3),241. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030241
Sesay AR, and Kallon S. 2022. Livestock Farmers’ Perception, Perceived Impacts, and Adaptations to Climate Change in Koinadugu District, Sierra Leone.Journal of Applied and Advanced Research,25-34. https://doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2022.v7.7675
Sholikhati A. 2024. Implementation the Interest Subsidy Program on Agriculture in Central Java Province, Indonesia.IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,1364(1),012050. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1364/1/012050
Suganda A, Salman D, Baba S, and Fahmid IM. 2022. Cattle Corporation Village Program as Small-Scale Farmer Group Empowerment to Support National Beef Self Sufficiency.IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,1114(1),012041. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012041
Tabe‐Ojong MPJ, Heckelei T, and Rasch S. 2023. Aspirations and Investments in Livestock: Evidence of Aspiration Failure in Kenya.Agricultural Economics,54(5),674-696. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12785
Tackie DNO, Bartlett JR, Adu-Gyamfi A, Nunoo NI, and Perry B. 2019. Do Socioeconomic Factors Matter in Acreage Owned and Acreage Farmed by Small Livestock Producers in Alabama?Journal of Agricultural Science,11(10),1. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n10p1
Theweli SG. 2023. A Multivariate Logistic Analysis on Factors Affecting the Market Participation of Smallholder Indigenous Goat Farmers in Makuya Village of the Hamakuya Community, Mutale Local Municipality, Limpopo Province.Prizren Social Science Journal,7(3),23-29. https://doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v7i3.468
Uddin T, Hossain MN, and Dhar AR. 2019. Business Prospects and Challenges in Haor Areas of Bangladesh.Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University,17(1),65-72. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v17i1.40665
Udo HMJ, and Budisatria IGS. 2011. Fat-tailed sheep in Indonesia; an essential resource for smallholders.Tropical Animal Health and Production,43,1411-1418.
Verbeek M. 2017. A Guide to Modern Econometrics.John Wiley & Sons.
Wangu J, Mangnus E, and Westen ACMV. 2020. Limitations of Inclusive Agribusiness in Contributing to Food and Nutrition Security in a Smallholder Community: A Case of Mango Initiative in Makueni County, Kenya.Sustainability,12(14),5521. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145521
Young J, Rast L, Suon S, Bush RD, Henry L, and Windsor P. 2014. The Impact of Best Practice Health and Husbandry Interventions on Smallholder Cattle Productivity in Southern Cambodia.Animal Production Science,54(5),629. https://doi.org/10.1071/an13033
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Submission of a manuscript implies that the work described has not been published before or is under consideration for publication elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract). When the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agree to automatic transfer of the copyright to the publisher.
